Pediatr. praxi. 2021;22(2):114-116 | DOI: 10.36290/ped.2021.020

The role of biotics in the early stages of life

MUDr. Jan Boženský
Dětské oddělení, Nemocnice AGEL Ostrava‑Vítkovice, a. s.

The early stages of life are a period of rapid growth and development. From the first day of pregnancy until 2 years of age, the so called "first 1,000 days", nutrition has a key impact on optimal physical growth and body composition, cognitive development, immune maturation and development of the gastrointestinal systém. Breast milk is the best source of nutrition for all infants and breastfeeding has numerous short- and long-term benefits for both, infants and mothers . Intense research on human milk and lactation over the last decades resulted into major innovations in infant formula. Human milk contains approximately 200 complex oligosaccharides believed to stimulate the growth and establishment of a protective microbiota in the infant gut. Together with specific prebiotics and postbiotics, this new concept in infant formula most closely reflects complexity, diversity and functionality of human milk. Still, infant formula will always remain a compromis, breast milk will be the best for children.

Keywords: human milk, human milk oligosaccharides, prebiotics, postbiotics, microbiota.

Published: April 29, 2021  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Boženský J. The role of biotics in the early stages of life. Pediatr. praxi. 2021;22(2):114-116. doi: 10.36290/ped.2021.020.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Lynch SV, Pedersen O. The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375(24): 2369-2379. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Rinninella E, Raoul P, Cintoni M, et al. What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? A changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases. Microorganisms 2019; 7(1): 14. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Rothschild D, Weissbrod O, Barkan E, et al. Environment dominates over host genetics in shapinghuman gut microbiota. Nature 2018; 555(7695): 210-215. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Cani PD. Gut microbiota - at the intersection of everything? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017; 14(6): 321-322.Další literatura u autora a na www.pediatriepropraxi.cz Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Marchesi JR, Adams DH, Fava F, et al. The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinicalfrontier. Gut. 2017; 65(2): 330-339. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Dzidic M, Abrahamsson TR, Artacho A, et al. Aberrant IgA responses to the gut microbiota during infancy precede asthma and allergy development. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017; 139(3): 1017-1025.e14. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Vatanen T, Franzosa EA, Schwager R et al. The human gut microbiome in early‑onset type 1 diabetes from the TEDDY study. Nature. 2018; 562(7728): 589-594. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Stanislawski MA, Dabelea D, Wagner BD,et al.Gut microbiota in the first 2 years of life and the association with body mass index at age 12 in a Norwegian birth cohort. MBio. 2018; 9: e01751-18. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Thurow R. The first 1,000 days: a crucial time for mothers and children and the world. Breastfeed Med. 2016; 11: 416-418. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Walker WA. The importance of appropriate initial bacterial colonization of the intestine in newborn, child, and adult health. Nat Publ Gr. 2017; 82(3): 387-395. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Wopereis H, Oozeer R, Knipping K, et al. The first thousand days - intestinal microbiology of early life: establishing a symbiosis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2014; 25(5): 428-438. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Robertson RC, Manges AR, Finlay BB, et al.The human microbiome and child growth - first 1000 days and beyond. Trends Microbiol. 2019; 27(2): 131-147 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. World Health Organization. Breastfeeding. Available at: https://www.who.int/topics/breastfeeding/en/. Accessed 19 January 2019.
    14. Garcia C, Duan RD, Brevaut‑Malaty V, et al. Bioactive compounds in human milk and intestinal health and maturity in preterm newborn: an overview. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy‑le‑grand). 2013; 59: 108-131.
    15. Bichoff S. Gut health: a new objective in medicine? BMC Med. 2011; 9: 24. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Keunen K. Impact of nutrition on brain development and its neuroprotective implications following preterm birth. Pediatr Res. 2015 Jan; 77: 148-155 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Mayer EA. Gut feeling: the emerging biology of gut‑brain communication. Nat Rev Neurosci.2011; 12: 453-466. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Furness JB, Kunze WA, Clerc N. Nutrient tasting and signaling mechanisms in the gut. II.The intestine as a sensory organ: neural, endocrine, and immune responses. Am J Physiol. 1999; 277: G922-G928. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Goyal R, Hirano I. The enteric nervous system. N Engl J Med.1996; 344: 1106-1163 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Baganz NL, Blakely RD. A dialogue between the immune system and brain, spoken in the language of serotitin. ASC Chem Neurosci. 2013; 4: 48-63. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Mitsuoka, T. Intestinal flora and aging. Nutr Rev. 1992; 50: 438-446. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Oozeer R et al. Gut health: predictive biomarkers for preventive medicine and development of functional foods. Br J Nutr. 2010; 103: 1539-1944. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Gerritsen J, Smidt H, Rijkers GT, de Wos WM. Intestinal microbiota in human healthand disease: the impact of probiotics. Genes Nutr.2011; 6: 209-240. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. McDermott A, Huffnagle B. The microbiome and regulation of mucosal immunity. Immulogy. 2013; 142: 24-31. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Tremaroli V, Backhed F. Functinal interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nature 2012; 489: 242-249. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Scholtens P, OozeerR, Martin R, Amor KB, et al. The early settlers intestinal microbiology in early life. Ann Rev Food Sci Techol. 2012; 3: 425-427. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Willyard C. Could baby's first bacteria take root before birth? Nature. 2018; 553(7688): 264-266. Go to original source...
    28. Walker RW, Clemente JC, Peter I, Loos RJF. The prenatal gut microbiome: are we colonized with bacteria in utero? Pediatr Obes. 2017; 12(1): 3-17. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. de Goffau MC, Lager S, Sovio U, Gaccioli F, Cook E, Peacock SJ, Parkhill J, Charnock‑Jones DS, Smith G. Human placenta has no microbiome but can contain potentialpathogens. Nature. 2019; 572(7769): 329-334. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Wassenaar TM1, Panigrahi P. Is a foetus developing in a sterile environment? Lett Appl Microbiol. 2014 Dec; 59(6): 572-579. doi: 10.1111/lam.12334. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Perez‑Mu~noz ME, Arrieta M‑C, Ramer‑Tait AE,et al. A critical assessment of the "sterile womb" and "in utero colonization" hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome. Microbiome 2017; 5(1): 48. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Chu DM, Ma J, et al. Maturation of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple body sites and in relation to mode of delivery. Nat Med. 2017; 23(3): 314-326. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Ellegaard KM, Engel P. 2016. Beyond 16S rRNA community profiling: intra‑species diversity in the gut microbiota. ront Microbiol. 7: 1475. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Korpela K, Costea P, Pedro Coelho L, et al. Selective maternal seeding and environment shape the human gut microbiome. Genome Res. 2018; 28(4): 561-568. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Fisher RM, Henry LM, Cornwallis CK, et al. The evolution of host‑symbiont dependence. Nat Commun. 2017; 8(1): 1-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Bello MGD, Knight R, Gilbert JA, Blaser MJ. Preserving microbial diversity. Science. 2018 Oct 5; 362(6410): 33-34. doi: 10.1126/science.aau8816. PMID: 30287652. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Dictionary.com. Biotic. Available at: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/biotical. Accessed 19 January 2019.
    38. Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, Prescott SL, Reimer RA, Salminen SJ, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017; 14: 491-502. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. He Y, Liu S, Leone S, Newburg DS. Human colostrum oligosaccharides modulate major immunologic pathways of immature human intestine. Mucosal Immunol. 2014; 7(6): 1326-1339. doi:10.1038/mi.2014. 20. Go to original source...
    40. Vandenplas Y, Berger B, Carnielli VP, et al. Human Milk Oligosaccharides: 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and Lacto‑N-Neotetraose (LNnT) in Infant Formula. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1161. Published 2018 Aug 24. doi:10.3390/nu10091161. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Puccio G et al. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2017; 64(4): 624-631. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Reverri EJ, Devitt AA, Kajzer JA, et al. Review of the Clinical Experiences of Feeding Infants Formula Containing the Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10): 1346. Published 2018 Sep 21. doi:10.3390/nu10101346. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    43. Azagra‑Boronat I, Massot‑Cladera M, Knipping K, et al. Supplementation With 2'-FL and scGOS/lcFOS Ameliorates Rotavirus‑Induced Diarrhea in Suckling Rats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018; 8: 372. Published 2018 Oct 23. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00372. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Goehring KC1, et al. Similar to Those Who Are Breastfed, Infants Fed a Formula Containing 2'-Fucosyllactose Have Lower Inflammatory Cytokines in a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr. 2016 Dec; 146(12): 2559-2566. Epub 2016 Oct 26.
    45. Overbeek S. et al. Combined Exposure of Activated Intestinal Epithelial Cells to Nondigestible Oligosaccharides and CpG‑ODN Suppresses Th2-Associated CCL22 Release While Enhancing Galectin-9, TGFβ, and Th1 Polarization, Mediators of Inflammation, Volume 2019, Article ID 8456829, 14 pages, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8456829. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    46. Xiao L, Engen PA, Leusink‑Muis T, et al. The Combination of 2'-Fucosyllactose with Short‑Chain Galacto‑Oligosaccharides and Long‑Chain Fructo‑Oligosaccharides that Enhance Influenza Vaccine Responses Is Associated with Mucosal Immune Regulation in Mice. J Nutr. 2019; 149(5): 856-869. doi:10.1093/jn/nxz006. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Newburg DS, Ko JS, Leone S, Nanthakumar NN. Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Synthetic Galactosyloligosaccharides Contain 3'-, 4-, and 6'-Galactosyllactose and Attenuate Inflammation in Human T84, NCM-460, and H4 Cells and Intestinal Tissue Ex Vivo. J Nutr. 2016; 146(2): 358-367. doi:10.3945/jn.115.220749. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    48. Pandey KR, Naik SR, Vakil BV. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics - a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2015; 52: 7577-7587. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    49. Underwood MA, Salzman NH, Bennett SH, et al. A randomized placebo controlled comparison of 2 prebiotic/probiotic combinations in preterm infants: impact on weight gain, intestinal microbiota, and fecal short‑chain fatty acids. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009; 48: 216-225. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    50. van der Aa LB, Heymans HS, van Aalderen WM, Sillevis Smitt JH, Knol J, Ben Amor K, et al. Effect of a new synbiotic mixture on atopic dermatitis in infants: a randomizedcontrolled trial. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010; 40: 795-804. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    51. van der Aa LB, van Aalderen WM, Heymans HS, Henk Sillevis Smitt J, Nauta AJ, Knippels LM, et al. Synbiotics prevent asthma‑like symptoms in infants with atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2011; 66: 170-177. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    52. Akbari P et al. Characterizing microbiota‑independent effects of oligosaccharides on intestinal epithelial cells: insight into the role of structure and size : Structure activityrelationships of non‑digestible oligosaccharides. Eur J Nutr. 2017 Aug; 56(5): 1919-1930. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    53. Fardet A, Rock E. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant potential of milks, yoghurts, fermented milks and cheeses: a narrative review of evidence. Nutr Res Rev. 2018; 31(1): 52-70. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    54. Van de Heijning BJ, Berton A, Bouritius H et al. GI symptoms in infants are a potential target for fermented infant milk formulae: a review. Nutrients. 2014; 6(9): 3942-3967. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    55. Szajewska H, Skórka A, PieścikLech M. Fermented infant formulas without live bacteria: a systematic review. Eur J Pe diatr. 2015 174: 1413. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    Return to the content


    Pediatrics for Practice

    Madam, Sir,
    please be aware that the website on which you intend to enter, not the general public because it contains technical information about medicines, including advertisements relating to medicinal products. This information and communication professionals are solely under §2 of the Act n.40/1995 Coll. Is active persons authorized to prescribe or supply (hereinafter expert).
    Take note that if you are not an expert, you run the risk of danger to their health or the health of other persons, if you the obtained information improperly understood or interpreted, and especially advertising which may be part of this site, or whether you used it for self-diagnosis or medical treatment, whether in relation to each other in person or in relation to others.

    I declare:

    1. that I have met the above instruction
    2. I'm an expert within the meaning of the Act n.40/1995 Coll. the regulation of advertising, as amended, and I am aware of the risks that would be a person other than the expert input to these sites exhibited

    No
    Yes

    If your statement is not true, please be aware
    that brings the risk of danger to their health or the health of others.