Vánoční svátky - čas, kdy všechno hodnotíme jinak, s pokorou…

Věra Novotná

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):359  

Neuromuscular diseases in childhood

MUDr.Dana Šišková

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):365-368  

The article deals with neuromuscular diseases in childhood, i.e. disorders of some of the structures of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) or, in other words, of the motor unit. This starts with the motor neuron in the anterior horns of the spinal cord, continues with an axon, and synapses with a skeletal muscle cell at the motor end-plate. Sensory and autonomic nerve fibres are also a part of the peripheral nervous system. At all these levels, a lesion can develop that can be either congenital or of a genetic nature (which does not mean, however, that it will be manifested immediately at birth) as well as due to numerous other causes, including...

Differential diagnosis for mental disorder in adolescence - when to send adolescent to psychiatric examination?

MUDr.Petra Uhlíková

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):369-371  

Diagnostic deliberations in adolescents are complicated by overlapping symptoms of mental disorders and developmental changes. The absence of guidelines and diagnostic criteria for child‘s age and lack of psychotropic drugs approved for use in children contribute to the complexity of this specialization.

Acute rhinosinusitis in children

MUDr.Iva Bártová

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):372-376  

Acute rhinosinusitis is one of the most common cases in pediatric praxis. Diagnostics is based mainly on patient´s history. Treatment follows according to seriousness and course of symptoms. Plain X-ray and CT are in diagnostics of noncomplicated cases not recommended. The most common agent in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis is Streptococcus pneumoniae. The treatment follows according to seriousness and course of symptoms. Antibiotic of the first choice is in the Czech Republic amoxicilin in adequate dosage. If the symptoms are one sided or if there are signs of complications, it is necessary to refer the child to ENT specialist.

Current options for diagnosing respiratory tract infections in children

MUDr.Petr Janoušek

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):379-382  

Respiratory tract infections in children are the most frequent diseases of childhood. Since very early age, predisposed individuals develop chronic noninfectious inflammatory processes (allergies, extraesophageal reflux disease) that compromise the primary barrier and immune system of the respiratory tract mucosa and thus make them more susceptible to acute superinfections. Respiratory tract infections can be anatomically divided into upper respiratory tract infections, i.e. rhinosinusitis, otitis, tonsillopharyngitis, and laryngitis, and lower respiratory tract infections, i.e. tracheobronchitis and bronchopneumonia. Given the author‘s...

Psoriasis in childhood

MUDr.Zuzana Nevoralová, Ph.D.

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):383-386  

Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory hyperproliferative disease of the skin, scalp, nails and joints. Psoriasis is a papulosquamosus skin disorder with a variety of clinical presentations. Guttate psoriasis, plaque psoriasis and flexural psoriasis are the most common types at children. In a small percentage joint involvement or nail changes can be present. Psoriasis is a multifactorial disease caused by the concerted action of multiple genetic genes in a single individual, triggered by enviromental factors. The treatment is mostly similar with that at adults. Basic treatment options are calcipotriol, topical corticosteroids, tar, ditranol,...

Inflammatory bowel disease in children

MUDr.Katarína Mitrová

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):388-390  

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic, immune-mediated diseases primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract. IBD includes Crohn‘s disease, ulcerative colitis and indeterminate colitis. IBD can be painful and debilitating disease affecting child’s nutritional status. Early diagnosis and optimal therapy can significantly change the course of the disease and ensure optimal child’s growth and development.

Vulvovaginitis in childhood

MUDr.Gabriel Jelenek, MUDr.Ingrid Rejdová, MUDr.Iva Vlašínová, MUDr.Kateřina Sedláková

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):392-394  

Vulvovaginatis is most common gynaecological illness in childhood. There are many factors which can be asociated with it. Gynaecological examination of children differs from examination of adult women and requires individual aproach. Inseparable part of the examination is vagynoscopy with collection of vaginal swab and lepex of stool. In children gynaecology of the sympthoms are corelated regardling to estrogenisation of the childs organism. Therapy of vulvovaginitis is based upon result of vaginal swab and sensitivity to antibiotics.

HIV/AIDS issue in childhood and in adolescence

MUDr.Alena Zjevíková, MUDr.Šárka Matlerová, MUDr.Irena Martinková, MUDr.Lenka Olbrechtová, MUDr.Jitka Kolčáková

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):395-397  

Pandemic HIV/AIDS infection persists as a global problem. The number of newly infected persons is still growing. A high percentage of HIV positive women is related to increasing number of infected children. There are only 6 HIV positive children with mother to child transmission in the Czech Republic. Other 8 children were infected the blood derivatives before 1 986. Unsafe sex and intravenous drug abuse is the most frequent way to HIV transmission in adolescents. HIV positive children and adolescents survive for a few decades in good health condition when they are diagnosed early and they are treated properly. We describe course of disease...

Cytogenetic variants in clinical pediatrics practice

MUDr.Antonín Šípek jr., MUDr.Romana Mihalová, Mgr.Lenka Celbová, MUDr.Aleš Panczak, CSc.

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):398-400  

Up to now, karyotyping remains one of the most important genetic diagnostic methods. And in the frame of clinical pediatrics there are many regular indications for this classical type of cytogenetic examination. Pediatricians are also confronted with results of prenatally indicated and performed cytogenetic examinations. However, besides the basic chromosomal abnormalities (numerical or structural aberrations) there are many benign cytogenetic findings – so called chromosomal variants (heteromorphisms). The notation of a karyotype including one of these variants, often without any comments, can be a bit confusing for indicating pediatrician....

Biopsychosocial risks of top-level sport in children and youth

Mgr.et Mgr.Michal Šafář, Ph.D.

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):401-403  

A review study aimed at the risks of high physical activity (PA) in children and youth. Characteristics of inappropriate PA in children in terms of its quantity, intensity, and type are outlined. Psychosocial variables leading to a common primary risk factor of early sport specialization (unilaterally focused intensive training aimed at achieving peak performance) are emphasized. The most commonly occurring health complications in biological (hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, muscle imbalance, microtraumas, chronic injury to the locomotor apparatus, osteochondrosis) and psychosocial (eating disorders, impaired self-concept and motivation,...

What may be hidden in the picture of the upper limb paresis?

MUDr.Jitka Škardová, MUDr.Eva Sládková, MUDr.Pavel Hořák, MUDr.Renata Vondráková

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):404-406  

A case report of the course of acute osteomyelitis in a six-week-old suckling is presented. In the following discussion the most important aspects of this illness are summarized. Most cases of osteomyelitis in children arise hematogenously. The predominant pathogen causing osteomyelitis is Staphylococcus aureus, however the treatment should always be individualized because the variable clinical course of children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis makes standardized therapy recommendations difficult.

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

MUDr.Simona Boráňová, MUDr.Michal Žáčik

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):407-408  

Authors of the paper present a case study of a 14-year-old boy admitted after a one-day-long vomiting. Appendectomy carried out, per-operation gastroscopy with findings of an enormous gastrectasy with heavy gastritis. On the fourth day perpetual vomiting, according to rtg examination by the contrast substance of the passage of the gastroduodenum the suspectious arteriomesenterial occlusion in the D3 area was confirmed. CT angiography supplemented with confirmation of the diagnosis, subsequently operational solution, duodenojejunal anasthomosis.

Pertussis - the role of nurses in the prevention and in the treatment

Ing.Iva Brabcová, Alena Machová

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):409-411  

The incidence of pertussis is increasing despite the existing system of immunization and represents a problem both from epidemiological, medical and nursing points of view. The nurse has an important role not only in illness prevention, i.e. immunization, but also in health care to a child hospitalized with suspected pertussis. Barrier approach must be used due to infectivity risk; the nurse also takes part in diagnosis determination performing tests such as throat swab for culture and sensitivity and blood sampling for serology. During treatment the nurse is in charge of administration of intravenous anti-biotics, takes care of the cannula...

How is the risk of paediatric falls monitored in Czech healtcare organizations?

Mgr.Eva Hlaváčková, Ph.D., Bc.Monika Klementová, Bc.Simona Macurová

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):412-414  

Falls in hospitalized patients in healthcare organizations (HO) are the most risk and the most frequent especial incident. They belong to the important indicators of quality of care. The aim of the article is to inform about the research focused on monitoring risk of falls in children hospitalized in Czech healthcare organizations. Data were collected from 56 HO via a questionnaire and from 3 HO via a structured dialogue. We found out that nearly three-quarters HO evaluate risk of falls in children and the majority of them uses own, not validated scales. Only one-quarter HO has a standard for paediatric fall risk prevention. More than 90% respondents...

Decreased breath sounds and cough as a first signs of a congenital pulmonary airway malformation

prof.MUDr.Vladimír Mihál, CSc., prof.MUDr.František Kopřiva, Ph.D., MUDr.Martin Vyhnánek, prof.MUDr.Jiří Šnajdauf, DrSc., MUDr.Kamila Michálková, MUDr.Petra Venháčová

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):415-417  

Congenital pulmonary airway malformation and bronchopulmonary sequestration are major but rare embryonic pulmonary developmental anomalies. We report a four-year-old patient with CPAM clinically presented with cough and decreased breath sounds. The diagnosis was confirmed on chest x-ray and CT scan. The congenital lesion was managed succesfully by surgical excision. The authors discuss appropriate treatment modality.

Overview of treatment of acne

MUDr.Yvetta Vantuchová, Ph.D.

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):419-421  

Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects up to 90 % of young people at puberty. It takes many various forms, ranging from minimal manifestations to severe extensive involvement of the facial and truncal skin. More pronounced inflammatory manifestations occur in approximately 15 % of affected individuals. Acne usually subsides by 25 years of age, but in a small proportion of cases it may persist until adulthood. In the acute phase, effective local and, in some cases, even systemic treatment is required.

Streptococcus pneumoniae - the influence of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on antibiotic resistance

MUDr.Helena Žemličková, Ph.D.

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):424-426  

The antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae is a global problem complicating the efficient therapy of pneumococcal diseases. With the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine a reduction of prevalence of penicillin non-susceptible pneumococci has been expected. Although the reduction especially in invasive disease caused by penicillin-resistant strains has been reported, reduction of intermediately penicillin-resistant strains of vaccine serotypes has been compensated because of increased intermediate resistance among non-vaccine serotypes. The reduction of antibiotic resistance among pneumococci is not possible without implementing...

Columna Bertini

prof. MUDr. Zdeněk Doležel, CSc., MUDr. Zdeňka Ráčilová, MUDr. Dana Dostálková

Pediatr. praxi. 2012;13(6):418