Spěchej pomalu

PhDr. Václav Mertin

Pediatr. praxi. 2022;23(5):311  

Purulent meningitis in children and prevention with vaccination

MUDr. Věra Pellantová, Ph.D.

Pediatr. praxi. 2022;23(5):315-318 | DOI: 10.36290/ped.2022.055  

Bacterial meningitis is defined as an infectious inflammatory disease of the brain and spinal-cord membranes, typically characterized by a purulent inflammation in the cerebrospinal fluid. The condition is severe, usually with an acute course and a need for rapid diagnosis and treatment. As a result of the introduction of mass vaccination, availability of novel vaccines, and offer of vaccine reimbursement, there has been a significant decrease in the rate of bacterial meningitis in children. Vaccination against meningococcal, pneumococcal, and haemophilus diseases plays a crucial role in preventing bacterial meningitis in children.

Recommended vaccinations in adolescence

MUDr. Kateřina Fabiánová, Ph.D.

Pediatr. praxi. 2022;23(5):321-324 | DOI: 10.36290/ped.2022.056  

Vaccination is equally important for everyone, for children, adolescents, and adults. Basic mandatory vaccinations, or other recommended vaccinations in childhood, can be followed up and applied during adolescence with some vaccinations, whether covered by the health insurance company or paid for, i.e., vaccinations on request. Also, if the individual did not receive complete regular vaccinations in childhood, it is necessary to complete vaccinations against selected infections even in adolescence. Vaccination of adolescents should be actively offered not only in general practitioners' offices, because it contributes to the protection of health in...

Immune thrombocytopenia in children

MUC. Karolína Šimková, MUDr. Petra Matalová, Ph.D.

Pediatr. praxi. 2022;23(5):326-329 | DOI: 10.36290/ped.2022.057  

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a disease characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia without other abnormalities in the blood count and peripheral blood smear. ITP in children is divided into 2 categories. Primary ITP is an acquired disease with unknown cause. Secondary ITP occurs in a child as part of another disease. According to the duration, we can divide ITP into newly diagnosed (up to 3 months), persistent (3-12 months) or chronic (longer than 12 months). The pathogenesis involves the influence of cellular immunity, the action of antibodies, changes in megakaryopoiesis and a relatively low level of trombopoietin. ITP is largely a clinical diagnosis....

Methods of preventing and treating viral respiratory tract diseases

PharmDr. MVDr. Vilma Vranová, Ph.D.

Pediatr. praxi. 2022;23(5):331-335  

The airways are continuously exposed to the effects of harmful substances and environmental respiratory pathogens. Although the basic preventive methods are hardening, staying in the fresh air, and a balanced diet, patients and parents of children often prefer purchasing dietary supplements. The paper deals with the need for supplementation with vitamins C and D, selenium, zinc, and some herbal extracts; also discussed are other possible methods of preventing and treating respiratory tract infections.

Do we know the role of human milk oligosaccharides?

doc. Ing. Šárka Musilová, Ph.D., prof. Ing. Eva Vlková, Ph.D., Ing. Iva Mrvíková, Ing. Štěpánka Kozáková

Pediatr. praxi. 2022;23(5):336-338  

The oligosaccharides contained in breast milk play an irreplaceable role in the proper development of the newborn and perform a number of biological functions, although they are often neglected. From a nutritional point of view, they are not very important for infants, but their main benefits are their ability to influence the development of the infant's nervous system and immunity due to their prebiotic, antimicrobial, antiadhesive and antibiofilm properties. Unfortunately, the lack of information about them hinders us in their therapeutic use.

Hearing loss in children

prof. MUDr. Ivo Šlapák, CSc., doc. MUDr. Milan Urík, Ph.D., MUDr. Dagmar Hošnová, Ph.D., MUDr. Vít Kruntorád, MUDr. Soňa Šikolová, MUDr. Michal Bartoš

Pediatr. praxi. 2022;23(5):339-343  

Hearing loss of varying degrees can be assessed in children from many different perspectives and divisions. In newborns and the smallest children, we diagnose congenital hearing defects, during a genetic examination a conexin mutation can be found. In older children, inflammatory conditions and their complications predominate. In the oldest children, the most common cause of hearing loss is chronic inflammation, to a lesser extent, injuries and idiopathic consequences of hearing impairment. The overview presents individual forms of hearing loss and the mechanism of their occurrence. Hearing impairment investigation methods are different according to...

A sleepy newborn with severe hemophilia A

MUDr. Veronika Fiamoli, Ph.D.

Pediatr. praxi. 2022;23(5):344-347  

Hemophilia A is a rare X-linked hereditary bleeding disorder, characterized by a deficiency in factor VIII clotting activity. Up to 3.5 to 4% of newborn boys with hemophilia may develop intracranial bleeding. Intensive treatment of this bleeding with a factor VIII concetrates may lead to the inhibitor development. The treatment of choice in patients with a factor VIII inhibitor is the bispecific monoclonal antibody emicizumab. We present a case report of a boy with severe hemophilia A with delayed intracranial hemorrhage requiring extensive neurosurgery and intensive factor VIII replacement therapy that led to the inhibitor development. Despite the...

Valeria and the Christmas Wonder

MUDr. Richard Retamoza, MUDr. Martin Gregora, MUDr. Jan Starczewski

Pediatr. praxi. 2022;23(5):348-350 | DOI: 10.36290/ped.2022.062  

Pelvicalyceal dilatation is the most common abnormity identified in ultrasound screening of the urinary tract. Often it is accompanied by dilatation of the ureter too (megaureter). In more than 60% of all cases this finding disappears with age due to maturation of the urinary tract. Otherwise, there are mainly congenital narrowings paticipating in the etiology of dilatation (except for vesicoureteral reflux). It´s usual location is the pelviureteral and vesicoureteral junction and most of them are represented by intraluminal factors. As regards extraluminal causes of obstruction most often we can see aberant vessels crossing ureter in it´s subrenal...

Severe hypertension in a three-year-old boy

MUDr. Patrik Konopásek, MUDr. Markéta Šranková, MUDr. Vlasta Krejčová, MUDr. Shenali Amaratunga, doc. MUDr. Jakub Zieg, Ph.D.

Pediatr. praxi. 2022;23(5):351-354  

Hypertension is defined in childhood as blood pressure ≥ 95^th percentile for age, height and sex. In contrast to adults, hypertension is often a sign of another disease in children. Secondary hypertension is very likely in children under 6 years of age in whom we should look for an etiology very actively. The whole diagnostic process may be difficult and sometimes is complicated by false positive and negative results of some examinations. In this article, we present a case report of a three-year-old boy with severe hypertension resistant to combined therapy which was diagnosed by a general pediatrician. The diagnostic approach was...

Incidence of infusion phlebitis in children

Mgr. Gabriela Světnicka, prof. PhDr. Darja Jarošová, Ph.D.

Pediatr. praxi. 2022;23(5):355-358 | DOI: 10.36290/ped.2022.064  

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of infusion phlebitis in children hospitalized with diabetes mellitus with an inserted peripheral venous catheter. Methodology: An observational study examined the insertion site of a peripheral venous catheter (PVC) using the Visual Infusion Phlebitis scale - VIP scale (Appendix 1) in 209 children aged 6-11 years. The research took place in 7 hospitals in the Moravian-Silesian Region. The evaluation of the PVC insertion site took place at 12-hour intervals during the entire indwelling time. The evaluation was performed by nurses in the wards. Results: The incidence of first-degree...

Proton pump inhibitors by children

MUDr. Pavel Frühauf, CSc.

Pediatr. praxi. 2022;23(5):359-360 | DOI: 10.36290/ped.2022.065  

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) remains important therapeutic option for esophagitis and gastritis. However recent studies demonstrate no benfit when prescribing PPIs for chronic cough, infantile reflux, asthma, or functional gastrointestinal disorders. Recent studies suggest averse effects on microbiome diversity and immune function, resulting in increased rate of gastrointestinal infections, bone fractures and atopic disorders.

Some options for preventing and treating flu-like illness

MUDr. Jan Boženský, prof. MUDr. František Kopřiva, Ph.D., PharmDr. Lucie Kotlářová, MUDr. Pavel Kostiuk, CSc., PharmDr. Zdeněk Procházka

Pediatr. praxi. 2022;23(5):361-366 | DOI: 10.36290/ped.2022.066  

Influenza is currently classified in a broader group known as influenza-like illness (ILI). It is a group of viral inflammations of the upper respiratory tract, which can (depending on individual reactivity) manifest a clinical picture similar to true influenza ("influenza syndrome" - mainly high temperature, cough, sore throat). In addition to the flu virus, a number of other viruses can cause these symptoms. The treatment of these diseases (except for antiviral drugs that can be used for "true" flu) is symptomatic. Stimulation of immunity plays vital role in the prevention and treatment of influenza-like ilness. The classic method of immunostimulation...